Understand the English School view of international society, order and justice in an anarchic world of sovereign states.

Hard power is coercive influence that makes resistance costly or makes accepting a demand materially useful in military and economic bargaining.

The IAEA promotes peaceful nuclear technology while using safeguards and inspections to detect diversion toward military purposes.

China’s foreign policy protects party rule and national development while seeking greater security in Asia and a stronger Chinese voice in global governance.

Neoclassical Realism explains the foreign policy of states by combining pressures from the international system with perceptions, institutions, and state capacity.

The 2025 youth-led protests toppled K.P. Sharma Oli, brought Sushila Karki’s interim cabinet, and led to Balendra Shah’s 2026 government.

The September 2025 assault now frames debates over displacement, famine analysis, the ceasefire, and genocide litigation.

Canberra backs a UN plan linking recognition to reforms, aid, and civilian protection in Gaza.

Japan’s foreign policy links the U.S. alliance, FOIP, economic security, regional disputes, China, North Korea, and global diplomacy.