The climate regime links UNFCCC rules, Kyoto targets, Paris pledges, carbon markets, and finance to the North-South equity dispute.

Strategic rivalry, trade and economic dependence shape United States-China relations in the twenty-first century.

Health diplomacy turns outbreaks, vaccines, medicines and sanitary rules into negotiations among governments, international organizations and health systems.

Pandemics become security issues when they force decisions about alerts, borders, hospitals, supplies, vaccines and cooperation.

WIPO maintains treaties, filing systems, data and forums that turn inventions, brands, cultural works and knowledge into rights that can operate across borders.

UNESCO turns knowledge and culture into standards, lists and programs that guide heritage protection, technical cooperation and cultural diplomacy.

The Council of Europe links 46 states to the European Convention on Human Rights, the Strasbourg Court and public monitoring of rights obligations.

Peace between Armenia and Azerbaijan now depends on recognized borders, displaced people's rights and rules for transit across the region.

Ethnic cleansing is the violent removal of a group from a territory; international law prosecutes its acts as specific crimes.